Problem sa postavljanjem službenika na položaju i depolitizacija državne uprave
Jedna od najvažnijih promena koje je trebalo da donese Zakon o državnim službenicima iz 2005. godine bila je „depolitizacija“ najviših službeničkih mesta u državnoj upravi (npr. pomoćnici ministara, sekretari ministarstava, direktori uprava i slično). Ideja koju je taj zakon doneo bila je da ta lica postavlja Vlada, ali na osnovu prethodno sprovedenog konkursa. Politički činioci nisu u potpunosti otklonjeni zakonskim rešenjem, zato što je Vladi ostala mogućnost da od tri najbolja kandidata koje predloži komisija odabere jednog po nahođenju ili da ne odabere nikoga od predloženih (rešenje koje je iz istih razloga manjkavo sadrži i novi Zakon o javnim preduzećima - konkursi za izbor direktora). Prvih nekoliko godina mnoga ministarstva nisu pokretala postupak za raspisivanje konkursa, već su se služili prelaznim odredbama Zakona – članom 179, pa su ovi službenici u velikom broju postavljani i razrešavani na osnovu ranijih propisa, koji omogućavaju da se to učini bez konkursa i obrazloženja a krajnji rokovi za sprovođenje konkursa su više puta pomerani.
Takvo stanje je trebalo da bude presečeno odredbom Zakona prema kojoj službenicima na položaju koji su postavljeni na osnovu ranijih propisa „dužnost u svakom slučaju prestaje 31.12.2010.“ Već duže od dve godine Transparentnost – Srbija pokušava zvaničnim putem da dođe do informacije o tome šta se zaista dogodilo nakon tog datuma, ali usled nepostupanja Vlade po našim zahtevima za pristup informacijama, kao i grešaka i sporog postupanja Upravnog suda koji rešava po tužbama u upravnom sporu, ti podaci još uvek nisu dostupni. Siurno je da su svi konkursi bili raspisani i sprovedeni (oglašeni su na sajtu Službe za upravljanje kadrovima), ali ne i koliko je mesta ostalo nepopunjeno nakon njih.
Međutim, Vlada je tokom 2011. i 2012. nastvila da koristi pravni osnov koji više nije smeo da bude u primeni. Na osnovu izvoda sa pojedinačnih sednica, došli smo do podatka da je tokom poslednjih godinu ipo dana prethodne Vlade, na regularan način (nakon konkursa) postavljeno 58 službenika, da je u šest slučajeva produžen mandat službenicima koji su i ranije bili birani na osnovu važećeg Zakona o državnim službenicima, dok je u preko polovine slučajeva (75) postavljenje izvršeno „na osnovu odredaba ranijih propisa“ (to jest, bez konkursa).
Ovo pitanje nije prošlo bez reakcije Evropske komisije. U njihovom godišnjem izveštaju o napretku za 2012. se konstatuje:
Jedan broj imenovanja na mesta visokih državnih službenika je još uvek u toku. Postupci izbora se ne primenjuju ravnomerno, a rukovodioci još uvek imaju previše diskrecionog prava pri odabiru kandidata sa lista koje izborne komisije sačine po održanim konkursima.
Kako se može videti, Evropska komisija nije uopšte ni razmatrala situaciju da se kandidati na mesta službenika na položaju postavljaju bez konkursa, već je ukazala na problematičnost situacije u kojoj i nakon sprovedenog konkursa postoji mogućnost diskrecione odluke o tome koji će od tri kandidata biti postavljen! Međutim, čini se da o razmerama i prirodi problema ne postoji dovoljno razumevanja, pa se tako u Vladinom Akcionom planu za ispunjavanje preporuka Evropske komisije sadržanih u Godišnjem izveštaju o napretku Republike Srbije u procesu evropskih integracija za 2012. godinu, navodi sledeće:
Donošenjem novog Zakona o ministarstvima formirana su nova ministarstva, te imenovanja na mesta visokih državnih službenika nisu mogla da budu okončana pre donošenja Pravilnika o unutrašnjem uređenju i sistematizaciji radnih mesta u ministarstvima. Kako je donošenje navedenih pravilnika u toku očekuje se da se raspisivanje konkursa za popunjavanje navedenih radnih mesta intenzivira početkom 2013. godine (prvi kvartal). Do kraja trećeg kvartala Vlada će usvojiti Predlog zakona o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o državnim službenicima, kojim će se unaprediti rešenja Zakona vezana za postavljenja državnih službenika položaje kako bi se princip profesionalizacije predviđen zakonom što potpunije ostvario.
Dakle, problem se vezuje za izmene u ustrojstvu državne uprave, iako je očigledno da postoji i kod organa koji nisu pretrpeli nikakve izmene u svojoj unutrašnjoj organizaciji.
U međuvremenu, došlo je do promene Vlade i formiranja nove, koja je profesionalizaciju javnih službi i borbu protiv korupcije postavila još više na listi proklamovanih prioriteta politike. Međutim, napretka po ovom pitanju nema. Tokom čitave 2011, 2012 i prvih meseci 2013. raspisano je ukupno 69 konkursa za popunjavanje položaja (nisu uračunati konkursi za načelnike upravnih okruga), a od toga ukupno 19 za mandata aktuelne Vlade Srbije. S druge strane, od početka rada aktuelne Vlade do 27. februara je postavljen ukupno 161 službenik na položaju. U velikoj većini slučajeva (148), kao pravni osnov se koristi i dalje odredba člana 179. st. 2., koja se može primeniti jedino u slučaju kada je prethodno razrešen službenik postavljen na osnovu „ranijih propisa“. Imajući u vidu navedene odredbe zakona, takvih službenika već odavno ne bi smelo da bude, jer je još početkom 2011. trebalo da budu završena postavljenja kandidata koji su prošli konkurse za sve tada postojeće položaje. Stoga je moguće da se ova odredba koristi za postavljenja službenika i kada nema zakonskog osnova. Druga mogućnost koja postoji jeste da prethodna Vlada nije postavila veliki broj službenika nakon javnih konkursa (preko trećine ukupnog broja) a da aktuelna nije učinila ništa da taj propust otkloni. Kao potvrda za ovu tezu može se navesti statistika odluka o razrešenjima službenika na položaju. U samo 60 od ukupno 162 slučaja, Vlada se pozvala na član 79. Zakona koji se primenjuje u redovnim situacijama a u 102 na odredbu koja se odnosi na razrešenje službenika postavljenih na osnovu „ranijih propisa“.
Međutim, ove sumnje je i dalje nemoguće proveriti. Naime, i aktuelna Vlada je, kao i prethodna, umesto konkretnih dokumenata („spisak položaja i osnova za popunjavanje“) u odgovoru na zahtev od 17. januara 2013. dostavila uopštene informacije i uputila nas na sajt gde takav spisak ne postoji, već samo pojedinačne odluke o postavljenjima i razrešenjima, zipovane i objavljene u okviru pojedinih sednica na kojima se o ovim pitanjima rešavalo. Nakon što urgencija za dobijanje dodatnih informacija nije urodila plodom, pokrenuli smo novi upravni spor, kako bismo došli do potpunih podataka. Pretragom po ovim dokumentima došli smo do zaključka da su u periodu od jula 2012 do februara 2013, nakon konkursa izvršena postavljenja samo u deset slučajeva od kojih je jedna službenica, već ranije postavljena na konkursu, ostala na istom položaju. U tri slučaja je iskorišćena mogućnost vanrednog razrešavanja službenika na položaju iz Zakona o ministarstvima, pa su na tri položaja u Poreskoj upravi postavljeni vršioci dužnosti.
Uvidom u najnovija kadrovska rešenja Vlade, vidi se da se sa ovakvom praksom nastavlja – na poslednje četiri sednice Vlade postavljeno je 11 službenika na položaje na osnovu spornog člana 179. st. 2.
Postavljanje službenika na položaje na osnovu prethodno organizovanih konkursa nije samo pitanje koje je važno zbog zadovoljenja forme ili zbog željene „depolitizacije“ javnih službi. Ono je još bitnije zbog pravne nesigurnosti koju bi donelo nepravilno popunjavanje položaja – ukoliko neki službenici koji obavljaju najvažnije profesionalne poslove u državnoj upravi nisu na legalan način postavljeni na položaje, uvek se može otvoriti pitanje zakonitosti odluka koje oni donose.
Transparentnost – Srbija
Beograd 11. april 2013.
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